1.1 Laptop Hardware
Mobile Devices:
- Most use an ssd, sshd, or magnetic drive
- SSD 1.8 – 2.5 form factors
- Laptop use so-dimm and and micro-dimm memory
- Optical drives aren’t common
- They have Mini pci and mini pci express for ram and peripherals
- Video cards built into processor, most you can’t replace
- Most laptops use LCD (Liquid crystal display)
- DC jacks for energy
- Ac adapters turn AC into DC
- Input voltage is either 110 or 220
- Laptops have lithium ion (LI-ion) batteries
- Frame could be metal or plastic
- Speaker are integrated
- System boards are built to fit and are proprietary to the laptop.
- CPU is worse than desktop because of heat and energy issues
- Wireless card allows the laptop to connect to a wireless connection. Bluetooth is a (Personal area network)
- Cellular card (3g,4g,LTE) are not common
- WiFi antenna, webcam, microphone, inverter, and digitizer/touch screen.
- Wifi antenna at top of screen
- TN – twisted nematic; fast response times
- IPS – in-plane switching; good for mobile devices more expensive
- LCD are backlight by CCFL ( cold cathode fluorescent lamps ) More power required
- Are also backlit by LED
- Dual Monitors with an HDMI cable. There is a function key for this
- Wireless function turns off and on wireless connection
- The Airplane mode function key toggles WiFi, Bluetooth, and cellular on/off, simultaneously.
- Docking station in a business environment for connecting things
- Port replicator a worse docking station
- To the desktop, to the cloud, to the automobile
- Android -> Google drive
- Apple -> iCloud
- Windows – > onedrive
- SSO(Single sign on) which allows you to login into multiple things through one
- S/MIME encrypted and digitally signed email
- PRL (Preferred roaming list) update – refers to which cell towers for roaming – Get a PRL update by texting a number
- PRI (Product release instruction) – settings for device configurations specific to the cell network
- Usually come with os updates
- Interface between mobile and radio
- IMEI an address for your mobile device (15 digit)
- IMSI described that user in and the network
1.2
- LCD is common and is backlight by usually an LED
- LCD have low power and are lightweight
- Hard to see pure black
- OLED (Organic light emitting diode)
- Uses organic compounds
- No backlight
- Basically better than LCD besides power and cost. Hard to put into laptops
1.4 Mobile Devices
Tablets:
- Single-Screen touch computers
- IOS, Android, Etc.
- Large than ~7 inches diagonal
- Designed for touch input
- Virtual keyboard, drawing interfaces
- Application Support
- Productivity, games, utility, etc.
- Specialized apps
- Media
- Take pictures, watch movies
Smart Phones:
- Mobile communication
- Voice, email, text ,instant message, pictures, video
- ~3.5 inches to 6 inches diagonal
- Media Viewer
- Music, movies, videos
- Mobile APps
- Maps, travel information
- Other apps
- Productivity, games, specialized apps, etc.
Wearable Technology:
- Smart watches
- An extension your phone and body
- Fitness monitors
- Track heart rate, steps, sleep patterns, and more
Virtual Reality:
- Replaces reality with a computer-generated version
- Input from the real world interacts with the virtual world
- Many different Apps
- Gaming
- Industrial design
- Art
- Enhanced video and image viewing
Augmented:
- Overlay a virtual augmentation with the physical world
- The computer provides additional detail
- Medical
- Travel
- Gaming
E-reader:
- Specialized device
- Book Reading
- Some music, some apps
- Electronic paper
- Black and white screen
- Performs well in direct light
- Exceptionally long battery life
- Network access
- Wifi, cellular
GPS:
- In car navigation or non car
- Requires a view of the sky
- Need to receive GPS signal
- Periodic updates required
- Over the air
- Memory Card
Summary:
- Tablets are less than 7 inches diagonal
- Phones are 3.5-6 inches diagonal.
- Phones have features that the tablet doesn’t
- Virtual reality is used in gaming, industrial design, art, and media viewing
- Augmented reality is used in medicine and traveling
- E-reader is electronic paper and only consumes energy when turning page (lasts long)
- GPS needs a view of the sky
1.5 Mobile Device connections
Micro-USB and mini-USB:
- EU standardized on MIcro-USB
- Common now worldwide
- Older devices may use Mini-USB
- Slightly larger
USB – C:
- 24-pin double sided USB connector
- Used for both hosts and devices
- Acts as a USB 3.1 / USB 2.0 connections
- Only the interface is different
- Includes an analog audio option
- Headset support through a 3.5 mm jack
Lightning Cable (from apple):
- Apple proprietary
- 8-pin digital signals
- iPhone, IPad, Ipod Devices
- Some advantages over Micro-USB
- Higher power output for phones and tablets (faster charge)
- Can be inserted either way
- Simpler design, more durable
Tethering:
- Physically connect a device to your mobile phone
- Use the internet/data connection
- Computer uses USB to connect
- Enable internet access from almost anywhere
- May require service or configuration by wireless carrier
Hotspot:
- Turn your phone into a wifi hotspot
- Your own personal wireless router
- Extend the cellular data network to all of your devices
- Dependent on phone type and provider
- May require additional charges and data cost
Proprietary mobile interfaces:
- Early mobile technology was all about cables
- One cable for power
- A completely different cable for data
- Every manufacturer was different
- Intentionally
- The EU changed things
- Common external power supply for all data-enable mobile phone sold in the EU
NFC (Near Field Communication):
- Send small amounts of data wirelessly over a limited area
- Built into your phone
- Payment systems, transportation, in-person information exchange,
- Access Token, identity “card”
- Short Range with encryption support
Bluetooth:
- High speed communication over short distances
- Pan (Personal Area Network)
- Connects our mobile devices
- Smartphones
- Tethering
- Headsets and headphones
- Health monitors
- Automobile and phone integration
- Smartwatches
- External speakers
IR (Infrared):
- Included on many smartphones, tablets, and smartwatches
- Not really used for file transfers and printing
- Control your entertainment center
- Almost exclusively IR
Summary:
- Micro-USB is standardized and Mini – USb still exists
- USB-C (24 pin) acts as a USB 3.1 and 2.0 connection. Has audio 3.5 mm audio
- Lightning cable (8 pin) is apple proprietary. Has faster charge, can be inputted both ways, and simpler.
- You can connect a phone or computer with wifi to other devices to enable wifi. This is done through usb and may require configuration by wireless carrier
- A hotspot extends cellular data to all of your devices, might have extra charge from ISP
- NFC (Near Field communication). Send info wirelessly over a close area. Used commonly in payment systems. Has encryption
- Connects to your mobile devices. Has high speed communication over short distances a PAN (Personal Area network)
- IR (Infrared) On many devices and can be used to control your entertainment center
Mobile Device Accessories
Headsets:
- Hands-free audio
- Earphones and microphone
- Wired
- Connects to 3.5mm TRRS(Tip Ring Ring Sleeve) connectors
- Tip-Ring-Ring-Sleeve
- Analog audio jack
- Ihpone can use lightning port
- Wireless
- Bluetooth headsets
Speaker:
- Mobile audio
- Battery Powered
- Wireless connection
- Bluetooth link
- Stereo sound
- Small package
Gamepad:
- Gaming console feel
- Mobile phone or tablet
- Connect with bluetooth
- Wireless connectivity
Extra Battery packs / battery chargers:
- Power is key
- And in short supply
- Swappable battery pack
- Carry an extra or two
- External USB Chargers
- Phones and Tablets
- And any other USB devices
Protective covers:
- Screen protector
- Avoid Scratches
- May be difficult to install
- Device protector
- Wrap the entire device
- Waterproofing options are available
- Can create problems for docking stations and wireless chargers
Credit card readers:
- Phone or tablet becomes a point of sale terminal
- Connections to audio/mic TRRS jack, lightning connector, or bluetooth
- Great for small and mobile businesses
- Uses the internet link for approval
- Immediate feedback
- Additional features
- Email Receipts
- Sign with your finger
Memory / microSD:
- Increase storage capacity of smartphone or tablet
- Common on Android Devices
- Not available on iOS devices
- MicroSD cards
- Small form factor
- Almost too small
- Increasing capacities.
Summary:
- Headsets are hand free audio. They connect with 3.5 mm TRRS (Tip ring Ring sleeve ) connectors. Apple can use lightning .
- Speakers are battery powered. Can have wireless connection and let off stereo sound.
- Extra battery packs for extra energy.
- Protective covers to prevent damage. Can be waterproof and might interfere with
- Credit card readers can connect to audio/mic TRRS jack, lightning connector, or bluetooth.
- Memory / microsd. Common on android devices not available in iOS. MicroSD cards are small and increase capacity.
Mobile Device Connectivity
Wireless / Cellular Data Network
- Your phone has internet connections
- Use your mobile provider network
- Take advantage of this connectivity
- Hotspot
- Turn your phone into a wifi router
- You may have to pay extra phone charges
- Other devices connect to your phone via wifi
- Tethering
- Anchored to your mobile device
- Connect your laptop via USB or Bluetooth
- Single connections
- May require additional services from phone provider
- Airplane Mode
- One Button Turns off all radios
- Cellular, Wifi, Bluetooth, NFC.
- You can re-enable individual features without enabling cellular features
- Useful when the airplane has Wifi
- One Button Turns off all radios
- Enable and disable cellular, WIFI, and bluetooth independently
- Airplanes, conserve battery
- iOS
- Settings
- Quick access from the control center
- Android
- Settings / wireless & network settings
Bluetooth
- Short-range personal area network (PAN)
- About 10 meters
- Connect different devices
- Mouse, keyboard, headset, computer, automobile, speakers
- Once paired, devices work together
- Connect and disconnect automatically
Bluetooth Pairing process:
- Enable Bluetooth on both devices
- Android and iOS: Settings / Bluetooth
- Set devices to discoverable mode
- May require key sequence on Bluetooth device
- Select discovered Device
- Many devices may appears
- Enter or confirm PIN
- Should be the same on both devices.
- Test connectivity
- Devices should now communicate
Your phone is a radio:
- Baseband radio processor
- A network interface for you radio
- This isn’t wifi or bluetooth
- Has its own firmware and memory
- Quite proprietary
- Real-Time operating system
- Everything happens very quickly as needed
- The firmware can be updated
- Over the air (OTA)
- Invisible to the end the user.
Phone Updates:
- PRL updates
- Preferred roaming list
- CDMA networks (i.e, Verizon, Sprint)
- Allows your phone to connect to the right tower
- Can be updated over the air
- PRI updates
- Product release instructions
- Radio settings – ID numbers, network codes, country codes, etc.
- Also updates over the air
IMEI and IMSI:
- IMEI
- International Mobile Station Equipment identity
- Identifies a physical mobile device
- Every phone has a different IMEI
- Can be used to allow or disallow access
- IMSI
- International Mobile Subscriber Identity
- Identifies the user of a mobile network
- Can we provisioned in the SIM card
- Swap the SIm to move between phones
VPN:
- Turn your phone into a VPN endpoint
- Important for secure communication
- Integrated into the phone OS
- No additional software required
- May require some additional setup
- Detailed configuration settings
Configuring Email on Mobile devices
Email Configurations
- Retrieving Mail
- POP3, IMAP
- Sending Mail
- SMTP
- Corporate email
- Microsoft exchange
- Integrated providers
- iCloud, Google, exchange online, yahoo.
Sending Emails: POP3
- Post office Protocol 3 (POP3)
- Used for downloading mail to local mail client
- Downloads and optionally deletes from server
- Configuration information
- Name of POP3 Server
- Username and password
- Network ports
- Defined by your mail provider
- POP3: tcp/110
- SSL (Secure Socket Layer) settings – POP3S: tcp/995
Retrieving mail messages:
- Internet Message Access protocol (IMAP4)
- Access mail on central server
- Mail is usually stored on the server
- Supports folders and server-side searching
- Configuration information
- Name of IMAP server
- Username and password
- Network ports
- Defined by your mail provider
- IMAP: tcp/143
- SSL (Secure Socket Layer) settings – IMAPS: tcp/993
Sending email: SMTP:
- SMTP
- Simple Mail Transfer protocol
- Send mail from a device to a mail server
- Or between mail servers
- You usually must send from a local or trusted device
- Authentication usually required
- May be different credentials than the incoming mail
- Port numbers
- SMTP (no authentication, basically unused): tcp/25
- SMTP with authentication: tcp/587
Microsoft Exchange:
- Enterprise email
- Not a service for the home
- More than just email
- Contacts, Calendars, Reminders.
- Integrates with mobile device database
- Integrated contacts, and calendars, etc.
- Configuration options
- Email, server, domain, username, password
- Integrated message encryption with S/MIME
- Secure/Multipurpose internet Mail extension
- Encrypt and digitally sign
Commercial Email Providers:
- Gmail
- Google email, splits inbox into tabs, IMAP4, POP3
- Exchange Online (hosted email)
- IMAP4 and POP3 support
- iCloud Mail
- Apple Mail, IMAP4 support only
- Yahoo Mail
- IMAP4 and POP3 support
Mobile device synchronization
Synchronizing your data
- No single desktop
- Many different devices
- Complete Mobility
- Access anything from anywhere
- Many different types of data
- Email, calendar, apps, etc.
- All devices must stay synchronized
- Most of it is invisible to us
- Mutual Authentication
- The client and server must authenticate with each other
- Common Data types that are synced:
- Contacts
- Applications
- Pictures, music ,video
- Calendar
- Bookmarks
- Documents
- Location Data
- Social media data
- eBooks
- Passwords
- Are all shared between our mobile devices.
Synchronize to the cloud:
- Completely hands-off
- No physical cables, no local files
- May be integrated into your exchange or email
- Choose provider network and/or WIFI
- Apple iOS
- Sync all data types to iCloud
- Complete backup and recovery
- Android
- Configure your google account
Synchronize to the desktop:
- Application requirements
- OS and disk space
- Operating System
- Mac, Windows
- Relatively Modern version
- Memory
- Relatively minimal
- Storage Space
- Enough to store backups, video, pictures
- You’ll need quite a bit
- iOs
- Apple Itunes – sync everything in the phone
- Creates full backups on the computer
- Android
- Sync online with google
- Use third-party apps like doubleTwist to transfer movies and music
Synchronize to the automobile:
- Connect to your automobile over bluetooth or wired cable
- Extend the phone functionality into the vehicle
- Display maps, control, phone calls, play music
- Big display screen, keep hands on the wheel
- iOS CarPlay, Android Auto
- Synchronizes contact information, music and other details
- Shares phone information in real time
- This could be a security issue in a rental car or shared vechile
Synchronization Connections
- iOS
- USB – Proprietary
- 30-pin
- 8-pin lightning
- USB – C
- 802.11 wireless
- Mobile network
- Android
- USB Micro-B
- USB-C
- 802.11 wireless
- Mobile network
- USB – Proprietary
Introduction to IP
A series of moving vans
- Efficiently move large amount of data
- Use a shipping truck
- The network topology is the road
- Ethernet, DSL, cable system
- The truck is the internet protocol (IP)
- We’ve designed the roads for this truck
- The boxes hold your data
- Boxes of TCP and UDP
- Inside the boxes are more things
- Application information
TCP and UDP:
- Transported inside of IP
- Encapsulated by the IP protocol
- Two ways to move data from place to place
- Different features for different applications
- OSI Layer r4
- The transport layer
- Multiplexing
- Use many different applications at the same time
- TCP and UDP
TCP – Transmission Control Protocol:
- Connection-oriented
- A formal connection setup and close
- “Reliable” delivery
- Recovery from error
- Can manage out-of-order message or retransmission
- TCP will give data and the receiver will send back an acknowledgement of receiving it. If it get an “ack” back it knows that it didn;t send
- Flow control
- The receiver can manage how much data is sent
UDP – User datagram Protocol:
- Connectionless
- No formal open or close to the connections
- “Unreliable” delivery
- No error recovery
- No reordering of data or retransmissions
- No flow control
- Sender determines the amount of data transmitted
Speed Delivery:
- The IP delivery truck delivers from one (IP) address to another (IP) address
- Every house has an address, every computer has an IP address
- Boxes arrive at the house / IP address
- Where do the boxes go?
- Each box has a room name
- The Port is written on the outside of the box
- Drop the box into the right room
- A room might be labeled port 80 which is where all the port 80 boxes go
Lots of Ports:
- IPv4 Sockets
- Server IP address, protocol, server application port number
- Client IP address, protocol, client port number
- Non-ephemeral ports – permanent port numbers
- Port 0 through 1,023
- Usually on a server or service
- Ephemeral ports- temporary port numbers
- Ports 1,024 through 65,535
- Determined in real-time by the client
Port numbers:
- TCP and UDP ports can be any number between 0 and 65,535
- Most servers (services) use non-ephemeral (non-temporary) port numbers
- This isn’t always the case
- It’s just a number
- This isn’t always the case
- Port numbers are for communication not security
- Service port numbers need to be “Well known”
- TCP port numbers aren’t the same as UDP port numbers
Ports on the Network:
- Web server – TCP/80
- VoIP server – UDP/5004
- Email server – tcp/143
Common Network Ports
FTP – File transfer Protocol:
- tcp/20 (Active mode data),
- tcp/21 (control) ← the one you should focus on remembering
- Transfers files between systems
- Authenticates with a username and password
- Some system use a generic/anonymous login
- Full -featured functionality
- List, add, delete, etc.
SSH – Secure Shell:
- Encrypted communication link – tcp/22
- Looks and acts the same as telnet
SMTP – SImple Mail Transfer Protocol:
- SMTP – Simple Mail transfer protocol
- Server to server email transfer
- tcp/25
- Also used to send mail from a device to a mail server
- Commonly configured on mobile devices and email
- Other protocols used for clients to receive email
- IMAP, POP3
DNS – Domain Name System:
- Converts names to IP addresses – udp/53
- These are very critical resources
- Usually multiple DNS servers are in production
HTTP and HTTPS:
- Hypertext transfer protocol
- Communication in the browser
- And by other applications
- HTTP is in the clear and HTTPS is encrypted
- Supported by nearly all web servers and clients
- HTTP: tcp/80
- HTTPS: tcp/443
POP3 / IMAP:
- Receive emails from an email server
- Authenticate and transfer
- POP3 – Post office protocol version 3
- Tcp/110
- Basic mail transfer functionality
- IMAP4 – Internet Message Access protocol v4
- tcp/143
- Includes management of email inbox for multiple clients
RDP – Remote Desktop Protocol:
- Share a desktop from a remote location over tcp/3389
- Remote desktop services on many windows versions
- Can connect to an entire desktop or just an application
- Clients for Windows, macOS, Linux, Unix, Iphone, Android, and others.
SMB – Server Message Block:
- Protocol used by Microsoft Windows
- File sharing, printer sharing
- Also called CIFS (Common internet file system)
- Using NetBIOS over TCP/IP
- udp/137 – NetBIOS name services (nbname)
- udp/138 – NetBIOS datagram services (nbdatagram)
- tcp/139 – NetBIOS session service (nbsession)
- Direct over tcp/445 (NetBIOS – less)
- Direct SMB communication over TCP without the NetBIOS transport
AFP (Apple File Protocol):
- File services in macOS
- tcp /548
- Works with SLP (Service Location Protocol)
- tcp/427 and udp/427
- Populate the list of available devices
- File management
- Copy, move, delete file
DHCP – Dynamic host configuration protocol:
- Automated configuration of IP address, subnet mask and other options
- udp/67, udp/68
- Requires a DHCP server
- Servers, appliances, integrated into a SOHO router, etc.
- Dynamic / pooled
- Ip addresses are assign in real-time from a pool
- Each system is given lease and must renew at set intervals
- DHCP reservation
- Addresses are assigned by MAC address in the DHCP server
- Quickly manage addresses from one location
LDAP:
- LDAP (Lightweight directory access protocol)
- tcp/389
- Store and retrieve information in a network directory
- Commonly used in the microsoft active directory.
SNMP – Simple Network Management Protocol
- Gather statistics from network devices
- Queries: udp/161
- Traps: udp/162
- V1 – The original
- Structured tabales
- In-the-clear
- V2 -A good step ahead
- Data type enhancements
- Bulk transfer
- Still in-the-clear
- V3 – A secure standard
- Message integrity
- Authentication
- Encryption
Table of all ports
Network Devices
Network Interface Card (NIC)
- The fundamental network device
- Every device on the network has a NIC
- Computer, servers, printers, router, switches, phones, tablets, cameras, etc
- Specific to network type
- Ethernet, WAN, wireless, etc.
- Often built-in to the motherboard
- Or added as an expansion card
- Many options
- Single port, multi-port, copper, fiber
Repeater
- Receive signal, regenerate, resend
- No forwarding decisions to make
- Common use
- Boost copper or fiber connections
- Convert one network media to another
- Extend wireless network reach
HUB (Old)
- “Multi-port repeater”
- Traffic going in one port is repeated to every other port
- Everything is half duplex
- Becomes less efficient as network speed increase
- 10 mb / 100 mb
- Difficult to find today
Bridge (Old):
- IImagine a switch with two to four ports
- Makes forwarding decisions in software
- Connects different physical networks
- Can connect different topologies
- Gets around physical network size limitations / collisions
- Distributes traffic based on MAC address
- An example of a modern bridge is a wire access point
- Bridges wired ethernet to wireless
Switches (New bridge):
- Bridging done in hardware
- Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
- Forwards traffic based on data link address
- Many ports and features
- The core of an enterprise network
- May provide Power over Ethernet (PoE)
- Multilayer switch
- Includes routing functionality.
Unmanaged Switches
Managed Switches
Routers
Wireless access point (WAP)
Wireless LAN controllers
Firewalls
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